Printing price: the government in the first 40 years, the company has decided in 1992
Source: Yin Trade
In the era of planned economy, the printing prices of books and periodicals are uniformly standardized by the local administrative departments, and both the publishing unit and the printing house are based on this pricing. There is no other discussion. The printing price set by the Beijing area was accepted by the major publishing houses in Beijing, and was valued by the printing houses of various places. The provinces and cities often used the Beijing price to revise the price of the local area. Therefore, the printing price in Beijing was affected. Larger. In the 40 years from 1951 to 1991, the Beijing area has revised seven printing prices. In 1996, the Beijing Printing Association participated in the revision of a printing price in Beijing. Since then, the printing price standard has gradually withdrawn from the historical stage. By continuously revising the printing price, the government adjusts the distribution of benefits among publishing, printing and distribution to make it as reasonable as possible. In the past forty years, the development of printing price standards has protected and promoted the development of the printing industry to a certain extent. In this issue, the magazine invited Mr. Zhang Zhong, deputy secretary general of Beijing Printing Association, to accept the interview and review the history of the formulation and revision of printing price standards.
New printing price list
On October 28, 1950, Premier Zhou Enlai of the State Council issued the "Instructions of the Administrative Council on Improving and Developing the National Publishing Industry." According to the spirit of the instructions, the General Administration of Publications issued three independent organizations, namely the former Xinhua Bookstore General Management Office, which was reorganized into the People's Publishing House, the Xinhua Printing Factory General Administration Office, and the Xinhua Bookstore Head Office. It is directly under the General Administration of Publishing and Xinhua Printing Factory. The head of the management office is directly under the Xinhua Printing Factory. In May 1951, the General Administration of Press reorganized the General Management Office into the Printing Administration, which was in charge of the national book printing business. The General Management Office of Xinhua Printing Factory has formulated and promulgated a “Beijing-Tianjin District Work Orderâ€, which was announced from June 1, 1951. This "work price list" was formulated for the Xinhua Printing Factory in Beijing and Tianjin, but after the announcement, the state-owned and larger private printing houses in Beijing and across the country were automatically referred to. This is a new printing price list, and it is also the basis for the revised price of Beijing in the future. When the price list was announced, New China was just established, and it was still in the period of economic recovery. There were few large printing factories in Beijing, and most private small enterprises were inconvenient. The same is true throughout the country.
Revision of printing wages
After the publication of the printing price list by the General Administration of Publishing in June 1951, eight revisions were made in the Beijing area in 1996, and nine work orders were implemented in this total announcement. Among them, the second book in 1956 was revised and announced by the Publishing Bureau of the Ministry of Culture. The rest are the competent authorities of the printing industry in Beijing or jointly revised by the central unit and approved by the Beijing Municipal Price Bureau. The main changes of the previous revisions are as follows:
1. The 1956 Revision
Revised by the Publishing Bureau of the Ministry of Culture, applicable to all direct printing factories in Beijing. The revised "Printing Price List" is detailed, the content is more comprehensive, and the calculation is more specific. It divides book printing prices into 7 parts, 34 price lists, and 380 prices. The second is the "public-private partnership" climax. A number of large and medium-sized printing factories have been established one after another, and there is no need to unify the wages. Therefore, this is a more authoritative and influential book printing price list. Its implementation laid the foundation for the unified management of book printing prices in Beijing. The negative impact is that the price of offset printing and other low prices is not reasonable and has not been adjusted for a long period of time.
2. The 1962 revision
After 1959, the Chinese economy encountered temporary difficulties. In 1961, the publishing system formulated the policy of “guaranteeing the meager profit†to reduce the cost of books. The Beijing Municipal Bureau of Culture accordingly proposed to revise the printing price. At the end of 1961, after verification and calculation, the new "Measures for Calculating the Price of Beijing Printing Industry Books and Books" was revised on the basis of the "Work Price List" in 1956. The "calculation method" is slightly lower than the overall price level of the "work price list", and the calculation method is also simplified. Shortly after the implementation of this revision, the "Cultural Revolution" began, and the price list below the 1956 wage price was extended for 16 years, and was revised again in 1978.
3. The 1978 revision
The principle determined at the time of revision is: there are ups and downs, a slight increase, which is conducive to the promotion and use of printing new processes and new technologies, and eliminating loss-making products. The revision in 1978 was a low-key adjustment to the 22-year wage rate, which was small. Its price level has only increased by 3% compared with 1956, with a focus on improving the printing and binding prices of books and magazines, and eliminating printed loss products. There are also major improvements in the calculation method. For example, the row calculation is changed to the face calculation, and the four colors of offset printing are separated from the five-color and six-color printing prices, which is conducive to promoting four-color printing.
4. The revised version of 1984 and its supplementary wages
The publishing system has long-standing contradictions in the unreasonable distribution of profits, namely, the profits of publishing houses, the second in bookstores, and the printing industry that occupies the most employees. The adjustment of the wage rate in 1978 was too low to ease this contradiction. To this end, in the second half of 1981, a joint team of China and India and the Beijing Publishing Enterprise Administration revised the price of 1978. The principles were determined at the time: first, to increase the printing price by about 16%; second, to solve the problem of unreasonable price in the price of work, focusing on improving the price of printing, binding and short-run printing; third, it is conducive to the promotion and application of new technology. . This revision was not approved by the Beijing Municipal Price Bureau until July 1984.
Shortly after the implementation of the new wages, in November 1984, the Price Bureau approved the publication bureau to increase the book price by 70%, which further magnified the unreasonable distribution of interests within the publishing system. To this end, the company affiliated to China and India in the beginning of 1985 proposed a new work price list to increase the price of printing, the publishing bureau agreed to implement in the factory directly.
5. Revised 1988
In August 1987, the Printing and Equipment Industry Association Printing Committee of the China Printing and Equipment Industry Association published a report on the printing price of the issue of "Improperly priced unimportant book printing prices." The report greatly promoted the implementation of the printing price in Beijing, which was approved by the Municipal Price Bureau and approved by the China Printing Corporation and the Beijing Printing Industry Corporation in January 1988. In this revision, the total printing price has increased by about 25% compared with 1984, and the calculation method is also simpler. For bookbinding charges, it is simple and easy to change the calculation to the book.
6. 1991 Revision
In January 1991, Beijing Printing Industry Corporation submitted a “Request for Amendment of the Calculation Method for the Price of Printing Products in Beijing†to the Municipal Price Bureau. In July, the Beijing Municipal Price Bureau and the Beijing Printing Industry Corporation jointly issued a “Notice on Implementing the New Calculation Method for the Price of Printing Products in Beijingâ€, requiring “any printing company in Beijing (excluding newspapers, The trademark printing project), the binding factory, and the typesetting factory are all implemented according to the new wage calculation method." On November 17, 1992, the Beijing Municipal Price Bureau issued a Notice on Opening the Price of Printing New Products. The publication of this document shall prevail. The previously revised wages are government pricing, which is a mandatory price, binding on publishers and enterprises; thereafter, the price revised by the association is a guiding price and is not binding.
7. Revised 1994
In the second half of 1992, not only the printing price pricing power was placed on printing enterprises, but the prices of most commodities except the few varieties were released in the country, and the overall price level had a large fluctuation. The printing industry is very uncomfortable with this. Although the government has given independent pricing power, due to the accustomed to implementing uniform prices for many years, most enterprises still charge according to the price standard set in 1991, resulting in a year-on-year decline in profits. Faced with this situation, most companies want business authorities and associations to develop a unified standard. Therefore, in April 1994, this guidance price was jointly revised by the Beijing Printing Group Corporation, the Beijing Printing Technology Association, and the Beijing State-owned Books and Periodicals Printing Factory.
8. The 1996 revision
"In view of the increase in the cost of printing enterprises in the past two years, most book printing companies are facing loss-making operations. In order to increase the vitality of enterprises and promote the development of the printing industry, it is necessary to strengthen the coordination and management of printing prices." In June 1996, the Beijing Printing Group Corporation and the Beijing Printing Association jointly revised and adjusted the Beijing printing price.
Nowadays, with the gradual establishment of the socialist market economic system, the printing price has been completely liberalized, and the price bureau is no longer responsible for unifying the wages. The wages are completely regulated by the market, and the publishing unit and the book printing enterprise have adopted a bilateral negotiation method when settlement printing processing fees. Mr. Zhang said that although the wages have been liberalized, there is still a generally accepted average price in the society. Now, many companies still use the 94-year revised price list as a reference.
Editor in charge: Ge Hongyan
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