US Army Survival Handbook--Survival Medicine with Will to Overcome Difficulties (1)

You may take it for granted that you are very healthy, or at least think that you can find a doctor at any time. When you feel uncomfortable, you will go to the clinic immediately and know that the doctor will prescribe medicine for you. He can make you recover.

However, in the survival plight, you can only rely on yourself to stay healthy. In other words, you must know how to prevent diseases and how to prevent injuries.

stay healthy

The four key factors for maintaining health are: adequate water and food; maintaining good personal hygiene; adequate rest; vaccination with the latest vaccines.

Adequate water. Normal physiological activities of the human body, such as sweating, urination, defecation, etc., consume body fluids. When the atmospheric temperature is 68 degrees Fahrenheit (20 degrees Celsius), an adult consumes 2 to 3 liters (2 to 3 quarts) of water per day, if it encounters other conditions such as exposure to extreme heat or severe cold, intense exercise, and high Latitude, burns, diseases, etc. consume more water. The water consumed must be replenished in a timely manner. Figure 3-1 shows the consequences of the loss of body fluids that cannot be replenished in a timely manner.

Loss of body fluids without sufficient supplements can cause dehydration. Dehydration will reduce your productivity, and even the simplest task cannot be accomplished. If you are hurt, dehydration will increase your chances of severe shock.

Don't wait until you are thirsty to drink water. Regularly add water to prevent dehydration. If the physical exertion is heavy or the situation is serious, the intake of water can be increased appropriately. Drink enough water to ensure that you have at least 1 pint (0.57 liters) of urine for 24 hours. In hot climates, you must drink 4 to 8 gallons (18 to 36 liters) of water a day.

To treat dehydration is very simple, it is to supplement the body's lost moisture. Drink any drinkable liquid you can find: water, juice, soft drinks, tea, etc. (Chapter 5 will teach you how to get water)

Warning: Do not drink seawater and urine under any circumstances. Although they can temporarily quench your thirst, it will actually cause more water loss and lead to dehydration. Drinking too much will cause death.

Plenty of food. Although you can still survive for a few days without food, you still need enough food to stay healthy. Without adequate food supplements, your mental and physical conditions will quickly deteriorate and eventually become weak and weak. Food supplements the energy consumed after the body burns substances, provides vitamins, minerals, salt and other substances necessary for human health, and more importantly, it can help boost morale.

Meat foods provide fat and fat provides energy. Meat foods also provide proteins, which are important substances for the synthesis of essential compounds for the human body. Plants can provide carbohydrates, carbohydrates are the main source of energy. Many plants can provide enough protein to keep the body working.

In the predicament, the food found may be ugly, unpleasant, and almost unappetizing. However, as long as you can eat, you must eat it. (How to get wild plants and animals as food, see Chapters 6 and 7.)

Personal hygiene. In any case, cleaning is an important factor in the prevention of infections and diseases. It is even more important in the predicament of survival.

Of course, a hot bath with soap every day is ideal, but even without these luxuries, you can stay clean. Scrub yourself with a piece of cloth and soapy water. If the water is tight, wash the "air" bath: Take off as much of the clothes as you can, and expose the body to sunlight and air.

If there is no soap, you can use ash or sand, or you can use animal fat and ash to make soap, but depending on the situation, the smell of fire and fat burning may alarm the enemy.

The steps to make soaps are as follows-(Serialized)

Keep your hands clean. Bacteria on the hand can contaminate food and infect wounds. After touching any object that may carry bacteria, after you have finished the toilet, after taking care of the patient, be sure to wash your hands before touching any food, food utensils, or drinking water. Keep your nails clean and do not put your fingers in your mouth.

Keep your hair clean. Your hair may become a home for fleas, ticks, or other parasites or bacteria. Keep your hair clean and neatly trimmed to avoid these dangers. Fleas and lice are parasitized on warm-blooded animals, and they thrive on blood and are carriers of dangerous bacteria. For example, a rodent is likely to carry fleas and lice, so when you kill a rodent, remember to wait for it to completely cool off and the fleas and lice will run away. Powder is the best way to remove fleas and lice. There are other methods, such as putting your clothes in the sun for a long time, often using hot soapy water.

Keep your clothes clean. Keep clothes and bedding clean and tidy as much as possible to reduce the chance of skin infections and reduce parasite breeding opportunities. When the coat is dirty, it must be washed in time, and underwear and socks should be changed every day. If there is no water, use “air” to wash it – shake it a few times and place it in the air and the sun for two hours. After each use, the sleeping bag must be shaken and ventilated.

Keep your teeth clean. Thoroughly clean the mouth and teeth with a toothbrush and toothpaste and clean it at least once a day. If you do not have a toothbrush, look for a twig about 8 inches (20 centimeters) long and about half an inch wide (1.2 centimeters) and make a "chewing stick". Use this chewing stick to clean your teeth thoroughly. Or, wrap a clean cloth around your fingers and wipe the food scraps off your teeth. As for the dirt between the teeth, you can use toothpicks, twigs, dental floss, or thin strips peeled off with bark or rattan.

Protect your feet. In order to prevent problems with the feet, try on shoes before starting. Wash and massage your feet every day. Nails should be cut flat. Check for long blisters on the feet. If blisters grow, do not break it. Undamaged blisters are not infected with germs. Apply ointment around the blisters and remember not to apply directly to the blisters. If the blisters are broken, they should be cleaned and bandaged.

Full rest. You need plenty of rest to make sure you can move on. Rest can help you rejuvenate. If you are sick or injured, adequate rest speeds your recovery. You need to plan regular breaks during your daily activities and learn how to make yourself comfortable in less than ideal circumstances.

vaccination. Before performing the task, make sure that you have been vaccinated with the latest vaccine.

Emergency treatment

Knowing how to administer first aid to seriously injured companions is important in all circumstances. This is especially critical in situations of survival because there are no health care workers at that time and it is likely to be within weeks or even months. Less than the treatment of medical staff. Emergency situations include suffocation, hemorrhage, and shock. If this happens, immediate care must be taken to save lives.

asphyxia. Any of the following causes can cause obstruction of the trachea, which can suffocate people.

● Foreign bodies in the mouth or throat block the trachea.

● Injuries to the face or neck.

● Inflammation of the mouth, throat, or trachea. Inflammation may be caused by inhalation of pyrotechnic or irritating fumes, or it may be due to allergies to food, insect bites, plants, or other things.

● Neck flexion. If the neck is bent forward until the chin rests on the chest, a "knot" will form in the throat, which will hinder the flow of air from the mouth or nasal cavity into the lungs.

● Loss of consciousness. Loss of consciousness can lead to complete relaxation of the chin and tongue muscles. If the neck bends forward, the jaw lingers, and the tongue retreats, it will block the passage of air into the lungs.

The following are symptoms of airway obstruction -

● The patient has difficulty breathing and gasps.

● The muscle in front of the neck of the patient is prominently protruding, but the sound of breathing cannot be heard, and no gas can enter or exit the mouth or nose.

● The skin is purple. The skin around the patient's lips, ears, and fingers becomes noticeably green or pale, and sometimes even the whole body's skin changes color.

For whatever reason, suffocation is very serious. If the air supply to the lungs is insufficient, then the brain is damaged and eventually leads to death. This process may only occur within a few minutes. Here, time is the most important.

Make the airway open. To restore and maintain airway patency, the following steps should be taken:

Note: After any one of the steps to make the patient's airway smooth and naturally breathing, should immediately stop the treatment, do not continue.

Step 1 Clean the patient's mouth and use your fingers to remove any foreign material from the patient's mouth: broken teeth, dentures, sand, etc.

Step 2 Lift the patient's head and tilt it back.

Adjust the posture of the patient and increase the airway capacity: Immediately lie the patient on his face and lift his chin (see Figure 3-2).

Lift the patient's head as far as possible so that his neck is tightly stretched. In doing so, one hand behind the patient's neck is forced to lift, one hand on the patient's forehead to push back, this action will usually make the patient's mouth naturally open.

If you have a bundle of blankets, ponchos, or other similar things, you can put on the patient's shoulder to keep his posture, but do not waste time in order to get these things.

If the head is raised so that the airway is open and the patient begins to breathe, do not continue with the following steps, otherwise proceed with the third step. In all the remaining steps, keep the patient's head tilted back.

Step 3 Force air into the lungs.

Hold the patient's nose and quickly force two or three breaths into his lungs through his mouth. Observe the movement of the patient's chest and see if the air enters his lungs.

This forced breathing may be enough to allow him to resume breathing naturally or remove small obstructions in the airways.

Observe the chest of the patient to see if the air is flowing into the lungs. If the chest is pushed up and down with forced air, it indicates that the airway is open. If it has not worked, continue to step 4.

Step 4 Raise the chin.

Strengthen the tightness of the neck so that the tongue no longer obstructs the airway. You can use any of the following methods to lift the chin:

● Thumb method. Place your thumb in the patient's mouth and hold the other four fingers firmly up against the patient's chin (Figure 3-3). Do not try to press your tongue.

● Hands down. If the patient's mouth is closed tightly and cannot put his thumb into his mouth, use this method. Hold the patient's chin with both hands along the earlobe and lift it up so that the patient's lower row of teeth extends forward beyond the upper row of teeth. Push the patient's lower lip with both hands to force the lips to open.

● Once the patient's tongue reaches a sufficiently forward position, quickly blow into his mouth to see if his respiratory tract is unobstructed. If the patient's chest undulates with forced breathing, it indicates that the airway is open. If not, continue. Step 5.

Step 5 Clear the airway. When efforts to raise the patient's head, forced breathing, and maximal extension of the chin all fail, then it is very likely that the foreign body has entered the depths of the patient's throat, and the quick clean-up of step 1 does not work. At this time, you need to take the following method to remove the foreign body.

● Fingers dig deep. Use the index finger to reach the base of the tongue along the patient's upper cheek, and use the index finger as a hook. Try to hook the foreign object up little by little, hook it to the hand and get it.

● Beat back. Let the patient lie on his side, hit a few beats between his scapulae, and then extend his index finger into the patient's mouth to check if the foreign body has come out.

● Push the abdomen (Figure 3-4). If the patient is sitting or standing, you stand behind him, arms around his waist, hands and fists, put the side of his fist on the bottom of the patient's sternum and navel, press the patient's chest , and then quickly push up. Repeat this action if necessary.

● If the patient is lying down, let him face it face down, face up, and then knelt down next to his buttocks, resting the bottom of the palm of one hand against his chest - still between the bottom of the sternum and the navel, another Only hand presses on this hand, then quickly push up. Repeat this action if necessary.

• Combine back movements and hand push, especially when the upper airway is blocked. It is effective to use these two movements in combination.

Ring thyroid cartilage incision. If the patient's airway obstruction is very serious, an annular thyroid cartilage incision (manufacturing an artificial airway) is required immediately, otherwise the patient is likely to die. The operation is to create a small opening between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage so that the air enters directly into the trachea and no longer passes through the passage above the trachea. Surgery follows the steps below:

Warning: This surgery requires special knowledge and training. Unless the volunteers are in the fight for survival and have no other option, they can try this method.

• Place the patient on a flat surface with his head tilted back and straighten the neck.

● If time permits, wash the patient's skin with water and soap. If there is a disinfectant, wipe it on the skin.

● Confirm the position of the membrane of the annular thyroid cartilage with your fingers (Figure 3-5).

The man's thyroid cartilage, the throat knot, is larger.

The cartilaginous cartilage—as its name suggests is a ring—is under the thyroid cartilage. It has no large thyroid cartilage, but it is almost twice as thick as thyroid cartilage, and it forms the remainder of the trachea.

The membrane is located between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage and is referred to as an annular membrane. In this place, the respiratory tract is separated from the outer layer of the ring and the skin.

• Lift up the skin on the ring and use a scalpel, blade, knife, or any other sharp tool to cut a small hole about half an inch deep vertically in the skin.

● Open the incision with your fingers to expose the ring and open a hole horizontally to expose the inner wall of the trachea.

After the incision in the rotator cuff is opened, it must be kept open to ensure that air can enter and exit the trachea. A clean tube, such as a ballpoint pen cartridge, can be carefully inserted into the incision, but anything that can open the incision can be used in times of crisis. . Immediately after the tube is inserted, the sound of air entering and leaving the incision can be heard.

● Protect the incision. After the tube is inserted, it is carefully tied to the neck with a bandage or a piece of cloth. The tube must be fixed to prevent it from falling off, or against the inner wall of the trachea.

The opening must be kept until the doctor takes over the patient, or the patient no longer needs the incision to regain consciousness (the swelling is removed and the patient can breathe normally). After the tube is removed, the wound will heal on its own and does not need to be sterilized and airtight.

Loss of blood. Any major bleeding of the aorta in any part of the body is extremely dangerous. A 1 quart of blood loss (1.1 liters) will result in mild shock, and a 2 quart (2.3 liters) of blood loss will be severely shocked, which is quite dangerous, and a loss of 3 quarts (3.4 liters) usually results in death. In the midst of survival difficulties, once severe bleeding occurs, it must be controlled immediately because transfusion is usually not possible and patients will die at any time.

External bleeding can be divided into the following types based on the source of the bleeding.

Arterial bleeding. The blood vessels that send blood from the heart to various parts of the body are called arteries. After the arterial rupture, the bright red blood will be clearly sprayed out of the wound, or will go out with the rhythm of the heart beat. Because the blood in the artery is stressed, the arterial rupture may lose a large amount of blood in a short period of time. Therefore, arterial bleeding is the most serious type of bleeding. If it is not quickly controlled, it will result in death.

Venous hemorrhage. The blood that flows back from the whole body to the heart is called a vein. Venous blood loss is characterized by dark red, bluish red, or purple blood, and persistent blood flow. Venous blood is under much less pressure than arterial blood, but it also causes massive blood loss. Generally, venous hemostasis is easier than arterial hemostasis.

Capillary bleeding. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect between arteries and veins. Capillary hemorrhage is usually caused by minor cuts or abrasions. The bleeding is slower, usually bleeding, and the amount of blood loss is not large. Capillary hemorrhage is easily controlled, usually the blood will automatically coagulate, bleeding will stop automatically.

Methods of controlling external bleeding include: direct compression, elevation of the limb, or use of a tourniquet.

Press directly. The most effective way to control external hemorrhage is to hold the wound directly. The press must not only be strong enough to stop the bleeding, but it must be kept long enough for the wound surface to close.

When pressing, first use your fingers or palms to hold the bleeding area. If you have a sterile or clean compress, you can cover the wound while pressing, but do not waste time looking for these things.

Be sure to press it hard, even if it is directly on the wound, but also press hard to stop the bleeding. In this process, it is best not to let go and check whether the blood has been stopped. Press hard for thirty minutes, then release your hand to check. Usually, thirty minutes is enough to stop it.

If a thirty minute press does not stop the bleeding, then compress the wound with a compress (Figure 3-6). The compress consists of thick gauze or other suitable material, which is applied directly to the wound and then firmly tied with a bandage. Bandages cause pressure around the wound to stop the bleeding. The compress should be tied tighter than the usual bandages, but it should not be tight enough to compromise the blood circulation in the rest of the limb. If the following conditions are found, it means that the bandage is too tight: the pulse cannot be felt, the nails and skin become purple, and the limb near the bandage has tingling or pain.

Once the compress is tied, do not take it down, even if the bleeding continues. If the bandage is saturated with blood, it means that it has not been able to generate enough pressure to stop the bleeding, it will need to increase the pressure, you can then tie a compress to cover the original compress. When you tie another piece of compress, you need to raise the injured limb and press the wound with your fingers.

The compress needs to be kept for 1 to 2 days and then removed and replaced with a smaller compress. During these two days, it is necessary to constantly check the compresses and wounds to see if the bleeding has stopped, the blood flow is smooth, and there is no infection. If you do not do this, it is likely that poor blood flow will occur, leading to gangrene or frostbite, and eventually to limb necrosis.

Raise the limbs. Try to raise the injured limb above the heart as much as possible. This helps the blood to return to the heart and lowers the blood pressure in the wound, thereby reducing bleeding. However, simply lifting the limb does not completely stop the bleeding. It is also necessary to suppress the wound at the same time.

Tourniquet. The use of tourniquets is only required if the direct pressure and elevation of the limbs fails to stop the bleeding. Direct pressure is a very effective measure, so tourniquets are rarely used, and tourniquets are generally not recommended for the following reasons:

● If the tourniquet is properly tied, blood flow to the limbs of the tourniquet will be prevented and the limb tissue will be damaged. If the tourniquet is tied for too long, the damage will gradually become serious, leading to gangrene and ultimately necrosis of the entire limb.

● A tourniquet may prevent the circulation of blood in veins, but it will not prevent arterial blood from flowing, resulting in more severe arterial bleeding than before the use of a tourniquet.

● If the tourniquet is not properly tied, nerves and other tissues in the ligating area will be permanently damaged.

If you must use a tourniquet, you can use a firm, soft material such as gauze, a large handkerchief, a triangular bandage, a towel, and other materials to temporarily make a tourniquet. In order to minimize damage to nerves, blood vessels, and other subcutaneous tissue, the tourniquet is preferably 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 centimeters) wide before dressing and at least 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) wide after dressing. Follow the steps below to pack a tourniquet:

• Place a tourniquet around the wound between the body and the body 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm) above the wound (Figure 3-7). Remember not to place the tourniquet directly on the wound or in the fracture.

● Put the tourniquet around the limb two times, make a half knot, and then put a short stick or similar on the knot (Figure 3-7), and then make a double knot to fix it.

• Use the stick as a handle and tighten the tourniquet (Figure 3-7) until it stops bleeding. Before tying the tourniquet, if you can feel the pulse on the limb, check it after tying it. If you can't touch the pulse, it means that the tourniquet has been tied tight enough.

● After tightening the tourniquet, secure the other end of the stick to the limb to prevent loosening (Figure 3-7).

● After fixing the short stick, clean and wrap the wound.

If you are alone, don't release it after you tie the tourniquet.

Solar Statues

A Great Addition to Outdoor Garden Decoration

The adorable solar statue is weather-proof, rust-resistant, and durable for years of quality use. With its artistic look and intricate details, the outdoor sculpture adds a delicate touch of illuminating beauty at night.

Please Note:

1. Make sure the button is set to the "ON" position and keep charging for 10 hours under the sun at the first using.

2. It may take longer time to full charge if there is no strong light or in Winter. Please do not let it covered by the leaves, flowers or trees, or it can`t absorb solar energy or will light up at daytime.

Effective Solar Panel

During the days the solar panel collects sunlight and converts it into electrical power. Automatically turn on at night or in dark environment, auto turn off at dawn.

How to know that the button is at "ON" position?

Cover the solar panel with your hand and if the light is on, then the button is at "ON" position.

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