Identify the authenticity of Ming and Qing furniture
Identify the authenticity of the material
In the case of inferior filling, dismantling a group of two, miscellaneous materials, and old materials, these new items are all fake. The materials used in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China are made of extremely expensive red sandalwood, huanghuali, wenge, ironwood, mahogany, etc. These woods have their unique physical properties in terms of specific gravity, color and texture, but they are grown. The difference in the ground, the difference in growth age, the shift of the position of the wood (such as sapwood, heartwood), and the change in the angle of the saw when cutting the cut, will appear contrary to the standard wood sample on the book, in nature. The color and texture are extremely confusing, so that the drillers have a chance. In addition, even if the natural color is inconsistent with the high-grade wood, speculators will change the wood color and pretend to be high-end furniture.
Due to the difference in fashion, from the middle of the Qing Dynasty to the 1930s, due to the favor of the court and the literati, the hardwood furniture was not expensive and expensive, so most of the fake wood was painted black, if there were grass pears The furniture is painted black and impersonated with red sandalwood. Now the fake hardwood furniture, imitation mahogany, imitation rosewood and so on. The imitation mahogany is made by soaking the wood chips in water, and after being thick reddish purple, the wood surface is painted several times with a brush. After drying, mix with 5 parts of juice, 1 part of big red or gold gold powder, apply the surface with a fine brush, dry, and wax. Imitation rosewood, coated with potassium permanganate or potassium butyrate on wood, oxidized to brown by air, and then red liquid. In order to strengthen the dark brown effect, the method of changing the coating of potassium butyrate and black is used. After drying, waxing and glazing, a dark and deep "red sandal furniture" is grandly presented.
After the value of Ming furniture was discovered, the imitation furniture appeared. Since the main material used in Ming furniture is huanghuali, how to identify huanghuali is the key. The identification of huanghuali wood can be started from the following aspects: First, the difference with mahogany. If the dark huanghua pear is used for a long time, the state of preservation is not good. At first glance, it is very similar to mahogany. In fact, judging from the wood, the woodiness of huanghuali is small, so the deformation rate is small, and the body is light and gentle. Huanghua pear has a strong toughness and is not as brittle as mahogany. It is very easy for a carpenter to identify huanghuali and mahogany during construction. In the case of a thin blade, the huanghuali wood can be as long as a spring-like shavings, while the mahogany only breaks off the shavings like flakes. The second is the difference between grass and pear. The appearance of the grass pear is cut off in the huanghuali wood. As a supplement, it appeared in the market from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. It is the lowest in the hardwood, its wood is coarse, the brown eye is too large, and the color is yellow and dull.
The third is the difference with the new huanghua pear. The amount of new huanghua pear is heavier than that of old huanghua pear. The wood grain contains too much black line and is hard. Therefore, many wood grain is too beautiful, but it is new huanghua pear. It should also be noted that in recent years, with the modern urbanization process throughout the country. Accelerate, the cottages in some old urban areas are facing the fate of eradicating and demolishing. The old Chinese buildings are in the form of wooden structures. The beams, columns, doors and windows, partitions, interiors, etc. of these bungalow buildings are mostly wooden. In particular, the beams and columns of these old buildings that have undergone centuries of vicissitudes of life are of high quality.
The high-quality wood used in many old old houses is a long-lasting whole material and low in price. It has naturally become the object of choice for some old furniture manufacturers. They have purchased a large number of girders made of thick old wood. The column, pulled back to the factory, after the sawing and conversion, made "old furniture" and pushed it to the market. In the face of the purchaser, the more responsible manufacturers will tell the other party that they are selling antique furniture that is old-fashioned, but there are still quite a few special counterfeiters who use these old pieces of old-fashioned furniture. As a handed down ancient furniture for sale, the price is high, blinding consumers.
Identify the true and false
Transferring flowers and picking up wood, with more filling and lowering, can be classified as fake. Modeling has always been the life of a work of art. Ming style furniture is simple, generous, smooth and comfortable. Qing style furniture is solemn, solemn, gorgeous, and rich. But in general they all have a reasonable proportion, beautiful lines, and humanized design. For example, the overall length, width, height, overall and local, local and local trade-off ratio, the application of the line, the flow of the curve can all give a visual impression. Observing an ancient piece of furniture is like watching people who look different. Moreover, due to the participation of literati and the royal family, Chinese Ming and Qing furniture softened the idea of ​​"Buddha, Taoism, and Confucianism" in the shape. The contrast between empty and empty, interspersed, laid, contrasted with space and reality, interspersed, laid, square and round contrast, interspersed, point and line matching, etc. all reveal rich ideological connotations. With this in mind, if you look at a piece of Ming and Qing furniture, it is not just people who look different, but people who have different personalities, thoughts and temperament.
However, fake furniture, such as changing the canopy bed into a arhat bed, the half-table, large square table, small square table, etc., which have been handed down and are not worth much money, are converted into relatively rare drawer tables, cases, chess tables, and high-grade furniture. Changing to low-profile furniture often gives people a strange feeling of "non-defective horses". Not to mention the rich ideological connotation of Ming and Qing furniture.
Identify the authenticity of the process
Remodeling, stealing and changing columns, deliberately making old, quick-advanced old-fashioned methods, faked patina, and insects can be classified as craftsmanship. Handcrafted furniture, workmanship and craftsmanship are especially important. In the woodworking industry, the so-called "wood is not torn apart" rules, refers to the level of woodworking skills. The crafts of China's Ming and Qing furniture include wood drying process, proofing process, blanking process, engraving process, grinding process, waxing and enamelling process. Each process has strict requirements and regulations. The excellent Ming and Qing furniture handed down to the world is generally the perfect combination of "beauty and craftsmanship", with profound humanistic connotations, and can withstand meso-slow products. Antique furniture is often driven by interests and only wants to be introduced to the market as soon as possible. In the process of production, it will not be step by step, just blindly cut corners. This kind of furniture will be deformed or warped after a period of time, or it will be rough. Under the mesoscopic view, the local shovel will not be polished, the corners will have knife marks or burrs, and the pattern will be blurred.
We can start with a brief introduction from the three aspects of engraving process, grinding process and enamelling process.
1. Engraving is an important decorative means of furniture in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The following points should be noted in the identification of imitation furniture: (1) Check the knife method. The knife-like method of copying furniture is dull and blunt, deliberately pursuing the loss of the charm as if it were not like it, sometimes deliberately highlighting a certain part for the purpose of counterfeiting, and the whole layout is out of balance. (2) View lines. The lines seem to be the easiest, but the hardest work is done, and you won’t notice it. At the time of appraisal, it is necessary to look at the lines, especially the edge lines, whether the outer lines of the ornamentation have strength and smoothness. (3) The review department. The carvings of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in particular, pay attention to the exquisiteness of the details, and now the imitation of the furniture is often difficult because of the material is not in place.
2. In the production of furniture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there is a saying that "three points work, seven points are polished." In the past, after the master made the furniture, the apprentices had to polish the furniture. It was often polished for several years. Some of the rosewood furniture was even scraped out with bamboo. This kind of polishing time is profound, and there will be no blanks left, especially those that are subtle and deep, which can be polished very smooth and soft. The new imitation furniture, mostly mechanically polished, convex and flat parts can be polished like a mirror surface, but the place where the pits are smashed, the machinery can do nothing, and it will surely flow down the rough marks. Even if it is artificially polished, there will be no deep work in the past.
3. All kinds of homes have their own enamel paint process. The enamel paint process of precious hardwood furniture in Ming and Qing Dynasties is “lacquer lacquerâ€. Firstly, the furniture is polished to reflect the natural texture of the wood, and then coated with natural lacquer on the surface of the object, to be painted. When it is dry, use a cloth to remove the surface paint film. This is repeated many times until the surface is bright, which is what the experts call "clear water." The imitation furniture, often using the "mixed water" process, covers the surface of the furniture with a colored paint film, so that people can not see the natural texture of the wood.
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